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Takahashi, H. Sulfur assimilation in photosynthetic organisms: molecular functions and regulations of transporters and assimilatory enzymes. We will attain different frequencies Hz of light by using different light filters on a light source of watts above the plant. We will create those frequencies by placing cellophane filters of each of the colors against the light source. This will be measured by counting the number of floating discs under different-colored lights after a certain amount of time which will be measured through the use of a timer.
We will be conducting 2 trials to observe the floating of the plant discs for each of the colored cellophane filters, and we will calculate the average of the data recorded for the time it took the plant discs to float to the surface. We will be calculating the averages of the time it has taken the plant discs to float up to the surface per minute in both of the trials for every light frequency.
The formula we will use to achieve this is dividing the sum of the terms by the number of terms. For example, if we take the 7th minute of plant discs under a red light of THz, we will need to find out the sum of its terms. It can be seen that 10 plant discs have floated to the surface of the bicarbonate and soap solution in the first trial, and in the second trial, 11 have floated up on the 7th minute.
We find the sum of the two numbers, which is 21, then divide said number by the number of terms — which in this case is 2. Therefore, on the 7th minute under a light of the frequency THz, an average of In the graph, it can be seen that there is a general pattern in which the number of floating plant discs increases as time increases. This is due to the fact that the plant discs are using the CO 2 in the bicarbonate solution they are floating in to conduct photosynthesis, producing oxygen bubbles.
If these plant discs are placed under a light source, it is inevitable that they will eventually float up due to their need to go through the process of photosynthesis. It can also be observed that the rate of photosynthesis in the plant discs varies depending on the light frequency it is under, providing us with the answer to the research question that led us to conduct the experiment.
I assume that this occurred because based on what I deduct from Sciencing. I can also see that, in the data tables, there are major differences between the results recorded for the first and seconds trials. The data for the first trial for the plants under the red light shows that the plant discs only started to float up at the 5-minute mark, and not all of the plant discs had floated by the end of the 10 minutes.
When comparing this to the second trial under the same frequency of light, the results show 10 plant discs having floated up by the fourth minute. We can assume that something has gone wrong during the experiment, as not only do the results to the two trials differ greatly, but there was a sudden surge of floating plant discs in the second trial after there being no plant discs floating for 4 minutes straight.
The data may have been recorded incorrectly, or plant discs may have gotten stuck to the sides of the beaker they were in before being able to float up. My hypothesis was partially correct. I had predicted that plant discs under a light source of the red and blue frequencies would float faster based on previous knowledge and research about the topic, but it seems that the experiment had not supported the hypothesis.
The biomass of the leaf, root, and stem fractions was determined. After fresh and dry weight of samples following formula was used to calculate leaf water potential. The leaves were adapted to dark conditions for 30 min before measurement. The number of stomata was observed by counting the number in the present leaf area.
The stomatal density was calculated by dividing the number of stomata counted by 10 times the area of 1 grid square. Blue native-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis BN-PAGE of integral thylakoid proteins was performed as previously described [ 36 ].
Five grams of fresh leaf tissues were homogenized in liquid nitrogen and thylakoid membranes were extracted using an extraction buffer pH 7.
The thylakoid pellet was resuspended in the same buffer pH 7. The resulting pellet containing thylakoid membranes was washed and extracted with each proper buffer. Louis, MO, USA was added under continuous mixing and the solubilization of membrane-protein complexes was allowed to occur for 3 min on ice.
The supernatant was mixed with 0. After electrophoresis, the gels were stained in 0. The stained bands corresponding to larger and smaller subunits of RuBisCO were cut out of the gels with a razor blade and were eluted in 1—2. The absorbance of the resultant solution was read at nm with a spectrophotometer. A completely randomized design was used with five replicates for six treatments. Finally, we conclude that blue LEDs at high light intensity promote plant growth by controlling the integrity of chloroplast proteins that elevates photosynthetic performance in the natural environment.
Further analysis in multiprotein complex proteins followed by the second dimension along with genomic data will provide important information for development of plants with better with-standing potential under different light intensities and LED conditions. The authors would like to thank editor harrisco. National Center for Biotechnology Information , U. Int J Mol Sci. Published online Mar Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer.
This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. Keywords: lettuce Lactuca sativa L. Introduction Plants use light as an energy source for photosynthesis and as an environmental signal, and respond to its intensity, wavelength, and direction. Table 1. Stomatal densities at respective different LEDs with different light intensities. Open in a separate window. Results 2. Figure 1. Figure 2. Figure 3. Thylakoid Membrane Proteins First dimensional electrophoresis run under native conditions on BN-PAGE were used to separate intact multiprotein complexes from thylakoids isolated from mature leaves as affected by different light intensities and different LEDs Figure 4.
Figure 4. Discussion The structure and physiology of plants are particularly regulated by light signals from the environment [ 4 , 20 ], as the primary response of plants during photosynthesis completely depends on light conditions.
Material and Methods 4. Table 2. Major light wavelengths of different light intensities. Statistical Analysis A completely randomized design was used with five replicates for six treatments. Conclusions Finally, we conclude that blue LEDs at high light intensity promote plant growth by controlling the integrity of chloroplast proteins that elevates photosynthetic performance in the natural environment. Conflicts of Interest The authors declare no conflict of interest.
References 1. Dong C. Low light intensity effects on the growth photosynthetic characteristics 2 antioxidant capacity yield and quality of wheat Triticum aestivum L 3 at different growth stages in BLSS.
Space Res. Samuoliene G. LED irradiance level affects growth and nutritional quality of Brassica microgreens. Yano A. Plant lighting system with five wavelength-band light-emitting diodes providing photon flux density and mixing ratio control.
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